“Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.” – Wikipedia

Topics studied in philosophy:

• Metaphysics: The fundamental nature of being and the world.
  • Ontology: Study of the basic categories of being of entities and their relations.
• Epistemology: Study of knowledge.
• Logic: Study of reasoning and argument.
  • Foundations of mathematics
  • Foundations of statistics
• Philosophy of science
  • Philosophy of logic
  • Philosophy of mathematics
  • Philosophy of quantum theory
• Philosophy of religion
  • Natural theology
• Philosophy of mind and philosophy of language
  • Psychology and cognitive science
  • Linguistics
• Axiology (value theory): Study of human values with regard to the society.
  • Ethics
  • Aesthetics
  • Political philosophy
• Sociology: Study of social behaviors and societies.
  • Critical theory

The tradition of philosophy is diverse on both emphasis and methodology.

1 Analytic Philosophy

• Aristotle
  • SEP: Aristotle’s Logic
  • Organon
    • Categories
    • On Interpretation
    • Prior Analytics
    • Posterior Analytics
    • Topics
    • Sophistical Refutations
  • Metaphysics
• George Boole
  • An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities
• Gottlob Frege
  • Begriffsschrift
  • The Foundations of Arithmetic
• Ludwig Wittgenstein
  • Philosophical Investigations
  • Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
• Bertrand Russell
  • Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
  • The Principles of Mathematics
  • Principia Mathematica (coauthored with Alfred Whitehead)
  • A History of Western Philosophy
• L. E. J. Brouwer
• Alfred Tarski
• W. V. O. Quine
  • From a Logical Point of View
  • Philosophy of Logic
• Donald Davidson
• Michael Dummett
  • Truth and Other Enigmas
  • Elements of Intuitionism
• Hilary Putnam
• Noam Chomsky
• Saul Kripke
  • Naming and Necessity

2 Continental Philosophy

2.1 Realism (Platonism)

• Plato
  • Republic

2.2 Idealism

• Immanuel Kant
  • Critique of Pure Reason
• G. W. F. Hegel
• Arthur Schopenhauer

2.3 Rationalism

• René Descartes
• Baruch Spinoza
• Gottfried Leibniz

2.4 Empiricism

• Francis Bacon
• Thomas Hobbes
• John Locke
• George Berkeley
• David Hume

2.5 Pragmatism

• William James
• John Dewey
• Charles Sanders Peirce

2.6 Historical materialism and Marxism

• Karl Marx
• The Frankfurt School

2.7 Existentialism

• Socrates
• Søren Kierkegaard
• Friedrich Nietzsche
• Paul Sartre
• Lev Shestov

2.8 Phenomenology

• Edmund Husserl
• Martin Heidegger

2.9 Semiotics / semiology

• Ferdinand de Saussure
• Roland Barthes

2.10 Psychoanalysis

• Sigmund Freud
• Carl Jung
• Jacques Lacan

2.11 Post-structuralism

• Jacques Derrida
• Michel Foucault